Table 1
Molecular prevalence of trypanosomes in Olive-winged bulbuls (Pycnonotus plumosus, OWBs), Streak-eared bulbuls (Pycnonotus conradi, SEBs) and Yellow-vent bulbuls (Pycnonotus goiavier, YVBs) from Thailand.
| Host | Sex | Positive samples | Negative samples | Prevalence (95% CI) | χ2 (p-value)/Fisher’s exact | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All birds | Male (n = 48) | 12 | 36 | 25.00% (12.75%–37.25%) | χ2 = 2.42b | |
| Female (n = 73) | 9a | 64 | 12.33% (4.79%–19.87%) | df = 1 | ||
| Total (n = 121) | 21 | 100 | 17.36% (10.61%–24.10%) | (p = 0.1199) | ||
| OWBs | Male (n = 7) | 0 | 7 | 0% | N/A | χ2 = 44.49c df = 2 (p < 0.001) |
| Female (n = 19) | 0 | 19 | 0% | |||
| Total (n = 26) | 0 | 26 | 0% | |||
| SEBs | Male (n = 32) | 5 | 27 | 15.63% (3.04%–28.21%) | Odds ratio = 1.97d (p = 0.4732) |
|
| Female (n = 47) | 4a | 43 | 8.51% (0.53%–16.49%) | |||
| Total (n = 79) | 9 | 70 | 11.39% (4.39%–18.40%) | |||
| YVBs | Male (n = 9) | 7 | 2 | 77.78% (50.62% – 100%) | Odds ratio = 1.37d (p = 1) |
|
| Female (n = 7) | 5 | 2 | 71.43% (37.96% – 100%) | |||
| Total (n = 16) | 12 | 4 | 75.00% (53.78% – 96.22%) | |||
aTwo female SEBs were negative for nested-PCR but trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma sp. were found in Giemsa-stained blood smears.
bChi-square test was used to determine the difference in prevalence between male and female bulbuls.
cChi-square test was used to determine the difference in prevalence between bulbul species.
dFisher’s exact was used to determine the difference in prevalence between male and female bulbuls.
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