Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA (without pre-amplification) (A) and RNA (with pre-amplification) (B) at different times in Stomoxys calcitrans after a complete meal of infected blood. Thirty S. calcitrans were tested per time (ten S. calcitrans per experiment (n = 3)) and the mean Ct ± SEM was calculated on positive flies. *Flies were fed with uninfected blood every 24 h starting 48 h after the initial blood meal. Aph: A. phagocytophilum.