Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control

Open Access

Table 1

Primer list used for tick identification and detection of tick-borne pathogens in ruminant-infesting ticks from Malawi.

Pathogen (gene)	Assays	5'→3'	Product base size (bp)	References
T. parva (p104)	PCR	ATTTAAGGAACCTGACGTGACTGC	496	[37]
	PCR	TAAGATGCCGACTATTAAATGAC	496
	nPCR	GGCCAAGGTCTCCTTCAGAATACG	277
	nPCR	TGGGTGTGTTTCCTCGTCATCTGC	277
B. bovis (sbp-4)	PCR	AGTTGTTGGAGGAGGCTAAT	907	[47]
	PCR	TCCTTCTCGGCGTCCTTTTC	907
	nPCR	GAAATCCCTGTTCCAGAG	503
	nPCR	TCGTTGATAACACTGCAA	503
B. bigemina (rap-1a)	PCR	GAGTCTGCCAAATCCTTAC	879	[47]
	PCR	TCCTCTACAGCTGCTTCG	879
	nPCR	AGCTTGCTTTCACAACTCGCC	412
	nPCR	TTGGTGCTTTGACCGACGACA	412
T. mutans (18S rRNA)	PCR	GACACAGGGAGGTAGTGACAAG	403	[42]
	PCR	CTAAGAATTTCACCTCTGACAGT	403
	snPCR	AACATTCGGAGACGCAAGCGAG	258
A. marginale (groEL)	PCR	GACTACCACATGCTCCATACTG	866	[49]
	PCR	GTCTGAAGATGAGATTGCACAGGT	866
	nPCR	GACGTCCACAACTACTGCATTCA	~768
	nPCR	CCTTTGATGCCGTCCAGAGATGCA	~768
Tick (CO1)	PCR	CTTCAGCCATTTTACCGCGA	793	[28]
Tick (CO1)	PCR	CTCCGCCTGAAGGGTCAAA	793	[28]
E. ruminantium (16S rRNA)	PCR	GGTACCTACAGAAGAAGTCC	1489	[35]
E. ruminantium (16S rRNA)	PCR	TAGCACTCATCGTTTACAGC	1489	[35]
Tick (12S rRNA)	PCR	AAACTAGGATTAGATACCCTATTA	406	[31]
Tick (12S rRNA)	PCR	CTATGTAACGACTTATCTTAATAA	406	[31]
A. bovis (16S rRNA)	PCR	CTCGTAGCTTGCTATGAGAAC	551	[21]
A. bovis (16S rRNA)	PCR	TCTCCCGGACTCCAGTCTG	551	[21]
A. ovis (msp4)	PCR	CCGGATCCTTAGCTGAACAGGAAT	347	[49]
A. ovis (msp4)	PCR	GGGAGCTCCTATGAATTACAGAGA	347	[49]

PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction; nPCR = Nested PCR; snPCR = Semi-nested PCR

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