Beta diversity and abundance of mHVRs among Trypanosoma lainsoni isolates. A) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, illustrating beta diversity among T. lainsoni isolates. The plot shows three distinct clusters (Ca37, Ca47, and Le29), indicating clear differences in composition and abundance of mHVRs. The separation along Axis 1 (57.62%) and Axis 2 (42.38%) suggests significant dissimilarities in genetic patterns among isolates. B) Heatmap showing the abundance and distribution of mHVR classes across isolates. The y-axis represents different mHVR classes, while the x-axis corresponds to the isolates. The abundance of sequences in each mHVR class is represented using a gradient color scale. C) Rarefaction curves showing the number of mHVR classes as a function of sequencing depth for T. lainsoni isolates (Ca37, Ca47, and Le29). The curves reach a plateau, indicating that sequencing depth was sufficient to capture the total diversity of each sample. Differences in alpha diversity among isolates suggest variations in richness of mHVR profiles.