Open Access
Table 1
Background and T. gondii infection in fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from China (2012–2024).
| Case # | Sex, age (years) | Date | Fertility | Samples | Clinical features | Pathological number and findings | MATa | PCRb | IHC c | Mice Bioassay d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Male, 4 | 6/22/2016 | NA | Multiple organs | Died. Fought for mates, lived in cage and did not dive into water for six days. | #2220: Respiratory distress, myocardial necrosis; hepatic steatosis, gastroenteritis catarrhalis (metabolic acidosis) | <1:25 | – | – | NA |
| 2 | Female, adult | 6/2012 | Viable fetus named case #3 | NA | ||||||
| 6/2013 | Unproduced | NA | ||||||||
| 6/2014 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 6/2015 | Stillborn fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 6/5/2016 | Viable fetus | Placenta | Healthy. | #2218: Hematoidin crystals | 1:128 | – | – | 0/4 | ||
| 6/19/2017 | Stillborn fetus | Placenta and fetal tissue | Fetus was 4.25 kg, 54 cm length, fin necrosis | #2511: Blood vessels in the placenta were calcified | Placenta 1:64; Fetal: < 1:25 | Placenta – Fetal:– | Placenta – Fetal:– | 0/3 | ||
| 5/28/2018 | Viable fetus | Placenta | #2511-4: Hematoidin crystals | 1:256 | – | – | NA | |||
| 2019 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 2020 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 2021 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 6/17/2022 | Viable fetus | Placenta | #3445: Hematoidin crystals | 1:2048 | Placenta + | Placenta + | 1/8 | |||
| 6/5/2023 | Viable fetus | Placenta | #3559: No obvious abnormality | <1:25 | – | Placenta + | 0/4; 0/1 IFN-γ−/− | |||
| 6/2024 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 3 offspring from case #2 | Female, Adult | 6/17/2016 | Viable fetus | Placenta | Firstborn | NA | <1:25 | – | NA | NA |
| 6/27/2019 | Viable fetus | Placenta | #2955: No obvious abnormality | 1:256 | – | – | 0/3 | |||
| 6/2024 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 4 | Female, Adult | 6/29/2017 | Viable fetus | Placenta | NA | <1:25 | – | NA | 0/2 | |
| 6/29/2023 | Viable fetus | Placenta | #3568: Hematoidin crystals | <1:25 | – | Placenta + | 0/5 | |||
| 9/2/2023 | Deceased pup | Multiple organs of the pup | Female, 2 months, 6.78 kg, diarrhea | #3600: Suppurative bronchopneumonia; hepatic and renal insufficiency, hemorrhagic necrotizing splenitis; necrotizing enteritis | <1:25 | – | – | NA | ||
| 6/2024 | Viable fetus | NA | ||||||||
| 5 | Female, Adult | 2022 | Stillborn fetus | NA | ||||||
| 2023 | NA | NA | Healthy. | |||||||
| 7/1/2024 | Miscarriage in February 2024 | Multiple organs e | Died. Cough. The weight was 45.36 kg, and the length was 160 cm | #3790: Multiple organ microcirculation disorder, thrombosis, hypoxia; pulmonary sarcoma; uterine leiomyosarcoma; ovarian atrophy; cardiomyocyte necrosis | NA | NA | – | NA | ||
| 6 | Female, 6 | 7/18/2024 | NA | Multiple organs e | Died. The liver was partially yellow; pulmonary carnification; atrophic kidney with grey-white nodules. | #3802: Multiple arteriosclerosis in multiple organs, histocytoma of kidney, uterine fibroids. The mucosal epithelium of the pulmonary airway system was seriously damaged (vitamin A deficiency), necrotizing enteritis and necrotizing gastritis | NA | NA | – | NA |
| 7 | Female, Adult | 8/4/2024 | Miscarriage in February 2024 | Multiple organs e | Died. Stillborn fetus was positive for T. gondii by serology, 1:64. | #3814: Multiple organ infectious granuloma, Mycobacterium tuberculosis | NA | NA | Lungs + | NA |
| 8 | Female | 9/12/2024 | Stillborn fetus | Placenta, fetal tissues | Died. | #3841: Placental focal necrosis, fetal cardiac insufficiency, acute liver injury | Placenta 1:64 Fetal:<1:25 | Placenta + Fetal:+ f | Placenta + Fetal – | 0/5 |
| 9 | Female | 9/28/2024 | Pup | Multiple organs e | Died. 56 days old, diarrhea, dyspnea | #3859: Acute suppurative pneumonia; acute enteritis; hypoproteinemia; multiple organs hypoplasia | NA | NA | – | NA |
| Percent | 50% (5/10) | 15 | 50% (7/14) | 21% (3/14) | 29% (5/17) | 13% (1/8) | Percent Positive cases | |||
| Positive cases | Case #2, #3, #4, #7 and #8 | Cases #2, #3, #7, and #8 | Cases #2 and #8 | Cases #2, #4, #7, and #8 | Case #2 |
Note: Fur seal case #2 were imported from the United States (Alaska) in 2010, and cases #1, and 3–10 were from domestic breeding in China.
NA: not available for tissues; means the experiment was not performed.
“–”: no anti-T. gondii antibodies or T. gondii parasites.
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