Phylogenetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis conducted based on beta-giardin (bg) gene sequences. The evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbor-joining method, with analyses performed in MEGA 7.0. Bootstrap values greater than 50% from 1,000 replicates are indicated on the nodes. The sequences identified in this study are represented by triangles; known sequences are marked with open triangles, while new sequences are indicated by filled triangles.