Spatial and temporal variations of stomoxyine flies showing the variation in abundance across habitats, in flies per trap per day (FTD). The LF had peaks at the beginning and end of the rainy season, BC showed unimodal peaks at different times for each species, GL had a bimodal peak mainly in the cool season, and CF primarily had H. austeni, increasing during the rainy season without a distinct peak (CF: core forest, GL: grassland forest, BC: banteng breeding center, LF: local cattle farm).