Scenario of historical biogeographical dispersals of Nearctic cyprinoids (leuciscids) inferred from the phylogenetic study of their Dactylogyrus spp. The position of the North American Dactylogyrus 1 lineage in the phylogenetic tree revealed the historical routes of leuciscid dispersion from West Eurasia to North America (in blue). The position of the North American Dactylogyrus 2 lineage in the phylogenetic tree suggests the historical biogeographical route of leuciscid dispersion from East Asia to North America (in green). The phylogenetic tree is modified from Šimková et al. [62]. Dactylogyrus spp. from fish species originated from different continents are shown by different colors in the phylogenetic tree as follows: Dactylogyrus spp. from Africa in red, Dactylogyrus spp. from Europe in bleu, Dactylogyrus spp. from Asia in green, and Dactylogyrus spp. from North America in black.