Phospholipid-binding properties of rSmANX18. (a) Phospholipid-binding properties of rSmANX18. Lane M = molecular mass marker in kDa; Group A = rSmANX18 incubated with liposomes in buffer containing 1 mM Ca²⁺; Group B = rSmANX18 incubated with liposomes in buffer containing 1 mM Ca²⁺ and 1 mM EDTA was then added; Group C was the control group (no Ca²⁺ or EDTA). (b) The control experiment of MBP protein. Lane M = molecular mass marker in kDa; Group D = MBP protein incubated with liposomes in buffer containing 1 mM Ca²⁺; Group E = MBP protein incubated with liposomes (no Ca²⁺ or EDTA). Ca²⁺ + EDTA (mM) = the concentrations of added Ca²⁺ and EDTA, respectively; P = pellet; S = supernatant.