General epidemiology of the three main zoonotic diseases involving dogs in Tunisia: cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus infection), leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum infection) and rabies. (a) Transmission routes of Echinococcus spp., Leishmania spp. and rabies in Tunisia (domestic and peri-domestic and wild socio-ecosystems) and the disciplines involved in their control. The yellow circle limits the space of domestic and peri-domestic transmission, the green circle the space for wildlife transmission. The figure shows how different disciplines (in brown) articulate and can contribute to knowledge and control of these three zoonotic diseases involving dogs. (b) Based on the geography of Tunisia (map after [18]), we hypothesise the existence of different patterns of transmission of the three zoonotic diseases involving dogs with “north–south “ and “urban–wild” gradients. The size of each circle is proportional to its importance in the transmission system. Along each gradient, the contributions of hosts and pathogens and the weights of the driving factors vary, possibly leading to different transmission patterns (numbered 1, 2, ..., n − 1, n).