Relative abundance of bacterial phyla in infected patients (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 15). (A) No significant differences were observed in the mean community richness as estimated by the Chao1 index. (B) No significant differences were observed in the mean community richness as estimated by the Shannon diversity index. (C) Principal coordinate analysis of the microbial communities in healthy controls and acute schistosomiasis patients using unweighted UniFrac distances by infection status (C), by age group (D), and indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) levels (E).