Table 2.

Summary of published work on the efficacy of experimental HIFU against E. granulosus.

Target Summary of the procedure Results References
Cysts ex vivo Cysts treated with 150 W or 250 W sound power respectively. Detachment and disruption of the germinal layer. [90] Chinese
PSC in vitro PSC suspension treated with different combinations of sound power (0–250 W) and time (5–60 s). Dose-dependent damage and death of PSC; growth inhibition and mortality of survived PSC cultured in vitro; inhibition of infectivity of survived PSC in secondary infection mouse model. [100]
Cysts from mouse secondary infection ex vivo Three groups, treated with 4 W, 9 W or 13 W sound power for 1 min. Damage of the laminated and germinal layers. [52] Chinese
PSC in vitro PSC suspension treated with 100 W acoustic power for 5–60 s with or without SAP. Dose-dependent damage and death of treated PSC, enhanced in the presence of SAP. [97]
Cysts ex vivo Cysts treated with 100 W sound power for 3 s each area for three times at a scanning speed of 3 mm/s with or without injection of SAP or UCA alone or in combination. Change in ultrasound echo pattern after treatment; increased mortality rate of PSC after treatment HIFU alone < SAP or UCA-aided HIFU < SAP + UCA-aided HIFU; damage of the laminated and germinal layers. [20]
Cysts transplanted IP in rabbit in vivo model Cysts transplanted IP in rabbits after ± injection of SAP or UCA or both; HIFU applied as in [11]. Change in ultrasound echo pattern after treatment; increased mortality rate of PSC after treatment HIFU alone < SAP or UCA-aided HIFU < SAP + UCA-aided HIFU; damage of the laminated and germinal layers; no pathologic effects on rabbit skin. [51]

PSC, protoscolices; SAP, superabsorbent polymer; UCA, ultrasound contrast agent.

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