Open Access
Review
Table 1.
First reported resistance to antimalarial drugs and molecular markers for drug resistance.
| Antimalarial drug | Introduction date | First reported resistance | Molecular marker | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quinine | 1632 | 1910 | pfnhe: microsatellite ms4670 | [40, 53, 87, 91] |
| Chloroquine | 1945 | 1957 | crt: C72S, M74I, N75D/E, K76T, A220S, Q271E mdr1: N86Y, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, D1246Y | [19, 29, 33, 128] |
| Proguanil | 1948 | 1949 | dhfr: A16V, S108T or N51I, C59R, S108N, I164L | [49, 54, 91] |
| Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine | 1967 | 1967 | dhps: S436A/F, A437G, K540E, A581G, A613S/T dhfr: N51I, C59R, S108N, I164L or C50R, N51I, S108N, I164L | [16, 91] |
| Mefloquine | 1977 | 1982 | Deamplification of Pfmdr1 copy | [55, 88] |
| Halofantrine | 1988 | 1993 | Changes in Pfmdr1 copy number | [18, 123, 129] |
| Atovaquone | 1996 | 1996 | cyt b: Y268S/N | [60, 70, 135] |
| Artemisinin | 1971 | 1980 | Amplification of Pfmdr1 copy numbers, Mutation of PfATPase6 and Pfubp-1. Recently, mutation in K13-Propeller Domain has been confirmed. | [35, 75, 103, 113, 133] |
| Artesunate | 1975 | 2008 | NA | [86] |
| Artesunate + Mefloquine | 2000 | 2009 | Deamplification of Pfmdr1 copy | [31, 73, 103] |
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.