Seric proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α are produced in co-infected or in P. yoelii-infected mice. Measurement of cytokines in the sera of the different group of BALB/c mice at day 7 after inoculation of either 40 L3 of L. sigmodontis or 10⁶ iRBC by P. yoelii or both or uninfested. (A) Level of IFN-γ. Two independent experiments pooled together, carried out with four mice per group per experiment. A one-way analysis of variance revealed a difference between the groups of mice infected by P. y. or co-infected with either the uninfected mice (*) or the mice infected with L. s (°). The comparisons were further assessed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (°p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***^,°°°p < 0.001). (B) Level of TNF-α. n = 4 mice per group. A Kruskall-Wallis test revealed a difference among the groups of mice infected by P. y and either the uninfected mice (*) or the mice infected with L. s (°). The comparison was further assessed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test (*^,°p < 0.05) (C) Level of IL-10. Two independent experiments pooled together, carried out with four mice per group per experiment. A one-way analysis of variance revealed a difference between P. y-infected mice and the uninfected mice. The comparison was further assessed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05). Results are the means of measurements ± SEM.