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Table 2.
Comparison on the life cycle and characteristics of four pennellids (Lernaeocera branchialis, Cardiodectes medusaeus, Lernaeenicus sprattae and Peniculus minuticaudae).
| Pennellids |
Lernaeocera branchialis (Linnaeus, 1767) | Cardiodectes medusaeus (Wilson, 1908) | Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby, 1806) | Peniculus minuticaudae (Shiino, 1956) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Developmental stages | 8 (2 naupliar, 1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) | 5 (1 copepodid, 3 chalimi, adult) | 8 (2 naupliar, 1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) | 6 (1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) |
| Host(s) needed to complete life cycle | Double | Double | Single | Single |
| Intermediate host | Mainly fishes, Pleuronectidae | Pelagic gastropods, mainly Cavolinidae and Janthinidae | – | – |
| Definitive host | Fish, Gadidae | Fish, Myctophidae | Fish, Clupeidae | Fishes, Monacanthidae, Chaetodontidae |
| Infection site of copepodid stage | Gill lamellae | Gill lamellae/mantle tissues | Body surface and fins | Fins |
| Infection site of post-metamorphic female | Burrowing through the gill arch to reach the heart of the fish host | Burrowing from various parts of the ventral surface of the fish host to reach the heart | Eyes | Fins |
| Possible food source of larval stages and post-metamorphic female | Blood | Blood | Blood, coelomic and tissues fluid | Presumably epithelium tissue and mucous |
| Range size of post-metamorphic female | 20–50 mm | 8.5–15 mm | 12–18 mm | 5–6 mm |
| References | Sproston [29], Brooker et al. [7, 8], Kearn [19] | Ho [12], Perkins [25] | Schram [26], Kearn [19] | Shiino [27], Nagasawa et al. [20], Venmathi Maran et al. [30], Okawachi et al. [24], present study |
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