Open Access
Table 2.
Comparison on the life cycle and characteristics of four pennellids (Lernaeocera branchialis, Cardiodectes medusaeus, Lernaeenicus sprattae and Peniculus minuticaudae).
| Pennellids |
Lernaeocera branchialis (Linnaeus, 1767) | Cardiodectes medusaeus (Wilson, 1908) | Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby, 1806) | Peniculus minuticaudae (Shiino, 1956) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Developmental stages | 8 (2 naupliar, 1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) | 5 (1 copepodid, 3 chalimi, adult) | 8 (2 naupliar, 1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) | 6 (1 copepodid, 4 chalimi, adult) |
| Host(s) needed to complete life cycle | Double | Double | Single | Single |
| Intermediate host | Mainly fishes, Pleuronectidae | Pelagic gastropods, mainly Cavolinidae and Janthinidae | – | – |
| Definitive host | Fish, Gadidae | Fish, Myctophidae | Fish, Clupeidae | Fishes, Monacanthidae, Chaetodontidae |
| Infection site of copepodid stage | Gill lamellae | Gill lamellae/mantle tissues | Body surface and fins | Fins |
| Infection site of post-metamorphic female | Burrowing through the gill arch to reach the heart of the fish host | Burrowing from various parts of the ventral surface of the fish host to reach the heart | Eyes | Fins |
| Possible food source of larval stages and post-metamorphic female | Blood | Blood | Blood, coelomic and tissues fluid | Presumably epithelium tissue and mucous |
| Range size of post-metamorphic female | 20–50 mm | 8.5–15 mm | 12–18 mm | 5–6 mm |
| References | Sproston [29], Brooker et al. [7, 8], Kearn [19] | Ho [12], Perkins [25] | Schram [26], Kearn [19] | Shiino [27], Nagasawa et al. [20], Venmathi Maran et al. [30], Okawachi et al. [24], present study |
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.