Open Access
Table V.
Principal human and zoonotic vector-borne infections, and their epidemiologic characteristics (non-exhaustive list).
FDA = French departments in America. * documents of WHO for updated information.
* Documents of WHO for updated information.
| Diseases | Agents | Vectors | Hosts-reservoirs | Distribution | Mode | Incidence in transmission area | Morbidity | Lethality | Tendency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virus (arbovirus) | |||||||||
| Dengue | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Ae. aegypti, Ae. lbopictus Ae. polynesiensis | Men, vectors | Ubiquitous (Metropolitan France, FDA, Réunion, Mayotte, Polynesia included), except cold areas | Endemo-epidemic | High | Important | Yes | Expanding |
| Japanese encephalitis | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Culex tritaeniorhynchus | Pigs, wild birds | Indian peninsula, Far East, South-Eastern Asie, Papua | Endemo-epidemic | High | Important | Yes | Expanding except in countries that have access to vaccination |
| West Nile fever | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Mosquitoes Culex sp. | Birds | All continents, of which Europe, Mediterranean area, Guadeloupe | Endemo-epidemic | Low | Potentially important in case of epidemics | Important in case of encephalitis | Expanding in Northern America and Mediterranean area |
| European tick-borne encephalitis | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Ticks Ixodes ricinus | Wild mammals, vectors | Central, Eastern and Northern Europe Eastern France | Endemic | Low | Important | Mild to important in case of encephalitis | Expanding in Eastern Europe Stable in French Metropole |
| Far-Eastern tick-borne encephalitis | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Ticks I. persulcatus | Mainly rodents | Far East and Siberia | Epidemic | Low | High | Important | Expanding |
| Yellow fever | Flaviviridae Flavivirus | Mosquitoes Aedes sp. | Monkeys, vectors | Sub-Saharan Africa, Amazon (and Guyane) | Isolated cases Epidemic | Low | Important | High | Unstable* (vaccination) |
| Chikungunya | Togaviridae Alphavirus | Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus | Men, monkeys, vectors | Africa, Indian Ocean (and Réunion, Mayotte), Asia, Southern Europe and France Potentially: FDA, Pacific | Epidemic | High | Important | Low | Recurrent epidemics (every 10-20 years) |
| Toscana virus infection | Bunyaviridae Phlebovirus | Sand flies | Men (other mammals), vectors | Mediterranean area | Endemic | Low | Mild | None | Stable but better diagnosis |
| Rift Valley fever | Bunyaviridae Phlebovirus | Mosquitoes Culex, Aedes | Ruminants, vectors | Africa, Indian Ocean (and Mayotte) | Endemo-epidemic | Currently assessed in Mayotte | Important | Low | Expanding |
| Crimean—Congo hemorrhagic fever | Bunyaviridae Nairovirus | Ticks Ixodidae, of which Hyalomma sp. | Wild mammals, vectors | Europe, Asia, Africa | Endemo-epidemic | Low | Important | High | Stable |
| Bacteria | |||||||||
| Q fever or coxiellosis | Coxiella burnetii | Ticks | Mammals | Ubiquitous | Endemic | High | Important | Yes | Current epidemics in Netherlands. Stable elsewhere |
| Trench fever | Bartonella quintana | Body lice | Men | Ubiquitous | Endemic | High | Important | Yes | Expanding in homeless and highly precarious people |
| Oroya fever or Carrion’s disease | Bartonella baciliformis | Sand flies | High valleys of Andes and intertropical area of Southern America | Endemic | High | Important | Yes | Stable | |
| Lyme disease | Borrelia burgdorferi | Ticks Ixodes sp. | Rodents, deers, birds, vectors | Northern hemisphere | Endemic | High | Important | Very low | Expanding |
| Tick-borne relapsing fever | Borrelia crocidurae | Ticks Alectorobius sonrai | Rodents | Western Africa | Endemic | High | Important | Low | Stable |
| Louse-borne relapsing fever | Borrelia recurrentis | Body lice | Men | Potentially ubiquitous | Epidemic | High in refugee camps | High | High | Diminishing |
| Epidemic typhus | Rickettsia prowazekii | Body lice | Men | Ubiquitous, including African mountains and Latin America | Endemo-epidemic | Variable | Important | Low | Stable |
| Boutonneuse fever (Mediterranean spotted fever) | Rickettsia conorii | Ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus | Vectors, dogs, rodents | Mediterranean area including South- Eastern France | Endemic | Mild | Important | Limited | Possible expansion |
| Tick-borne African fever | Rickettsia africae | Ticks Amblyomma sp. | Mammals | Sub-Saharan Africa (mainly Southern) | Endemic | High | Mild | None | Possible expansion, better diagnosed |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | R.rickettsii | Ticks Dermacentor sp. | Rodents dogs | Northern America | Sporadic | Mild | Important | Yes | Expanding |
| Scrub typhus | Orientia tsutsugamushi | Mites Trumbicula sp. | Rodents | Far East | Sporadic | Mild | Mild | Yes | Possible expansion, better diagnosed |
| Pestis | Yersinia pestis | Fleas | Rat, Soil | Ubiquitous | Endemo-epidemic | Low, except in Madagascar and Democratic Republic of the Congo | Important | Very high if untreated (low with antibiotics) | Stable |
| Protozoans | |||||||||
| Malaria | Plasmodium sp. | Mosquitoes Anopheles sp. | Men (and apes?) | Intertropical areas* | Endemo-epidemic | High | Important | High for P. falciparum | Diminishing in Guyane and Mayotte* |
| Babesiosis | Babesia sp. | Ticks | Wild mammals | Ubiquitous | Risk for splenectomized people in Europe | Important number of human cases in USA | High in Europe, low in USA | Stable | |
| Leishmaniosis | Leishmania sp. | Sand flies | Mammals (including dogs) | All continents, of which Europe, Guyane and Martinique | Endemic | Low | Important | Low for cutaneous form, high for visceral form | Expanding in Guyane Influence of climate change in Europe? |
| Sleeping sickness 1 | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | Tsetse flies | Wild great ungulates | Eastern Africa | Endemo-epidemic foci | High | Important | Very high if untreated | Expanding |
| Sleeping sickness 2 | Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | Tsetse flies | Men (and pigs?) | Western and Central Africa | Endemo-epidemic foci | High | Important | Very high if untreated | Stable |
| Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | Triatominae | Wild mammals, men | Latin America (including Guyane) | Endemic | Misestimated | Important | Important | Stable |
| Metazoans | |||||||||
| Lymphatic filariosis | Filariae Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi | Mosquitoes Aedes, Anopheles Culex Mansonia | Men | Africa, Indian Ocean (including Mayotte), Pacific (including French Polynesia, Wallis-et-Futuna), Asia | Endemic | Low | Maybe important and invalidating | None | Diminishing |
| Loaiosis | Filariae Loa loa | Horse flies Chrysops | Men | Central Africa (forest) | Endemic | Low | Important | None | Stable |
| Onchocercosis (river blindness) | Filariae Onchocerca volvulus | Black flies | Men | Western and Central Africa, Southern America | Endemic | Important | Important | None | Strongly diminishing |
| Serous cavity filariosis (Mansonellosis) | Filariae Mansonella sp. | Ceratopogonidae | Men | Western and Central Africa, Southern America | Endemic | Important | Low | None | Stable |
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