Open Access
Table I.
Principal vectors (insects and ticks).
| Classes | Orders | Families | Hematophagous stages | Biology of the hematophagy | Preimaginal stages* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Culicidae (mosquitoes) | Adult females | Principally crepuscular for Aedes; | Water | ||
| Principally nocturnal for Anopheles, Culex and Mansonia | (stagnant or calm) | ||||
| Simulidae (black flies) | Adult females | Diurnal | Water (running) | ||
| Diptera | Psychodidae (sand flies) | Adult females | Nocturnal | Land (humus, animal litters) | |
| Tabanidae (horse flies) | Adult females | Diurnal | Semi-aquatic | ||
| Insects | Ceratopogonidae | Adult females | Mainly crepuscular but variable among species | Land (humus) | |
| Glossinidae (tsetse flies) | Adult males and females | Diurnal | In utero except land pupa | ||
| Siphonaptera (fleas) | Numerous families | Adult males and females | Several blood meals per day | Land (litters) | |
| Hemiptera Heteroptera (typical bugs) | Reduviidae (Rhodnius, Triatoma) | Adult males and females, and immatures | Nocturnal | Land Hematophagous | |
| Anoplura | Pediculicidae (lice) | Adult males and females, and immatures | Several blood meals per day | Land Hematophagous | |
| Ixodidae (hard ticks) | Adult males and females, and immatures | One blood meal per stage that can last several days | Land Hematophagous | ||
| Arachnids | Acarina | Argasidae (soft ticks) | Adult males and females, and immatures | Several blood meals per sage. Principally nocturnal | Land Hematophagous |
| Trumbiculidae (Trumbicula) | Larvae | Lymph meal lasts several days | Land | ||
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