| Issue |
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 37 | |
| Number of page(s) | 15 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026036 | |
| Published online | 08 July 2026 | |
Research Article
Prevalence, morphology, and molecular characterization of trypanosomes in bulbuls from Thailand
Prévalence, morphologie et caractéristiques moléculaires des trypanosomes chez les bulbuls de Thaïlande
1
Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
2
Informatics Innovation Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
3
One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
4
State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, 08412, Lithuania
5
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon, 47160, Thailand
6
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
7
Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences Research Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
8
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Türkiye
9
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
10
Center of Excellence in Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Received:
17
February
2026
Accepted:
9
June
2026
Abstract
Birds represent the second most species-rich class of vertebrates, comprising more than 10,000 extant species worldwide, including wild and domesticated forms, as well as migratory and resident species. Bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) are important seed dispersers, and keeping them in cages is a long-standing tradition in Thai culture. Health assessments of these birds are therefore essential for sustaining cage-bird keeping, supporting local livelihoods, while also supporting biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of trypanosomes in Olive-winged bulbuls (Pycnonotus plumosus, OWB), Streak-eared bulbuls (Pycnonotus conradi, SEB), and Yellow-vent bulbuls (Pycnonotus goiavier, YVB) captured in Thailand. Blood samples were collected from 121 bulbuls (26 OWBs, 79 SEBs, and 16 YVBs). Three Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared per sample, and genomic DNA was extracted. Additionally, nested-PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene (SSU rRNA) were performed. As a result, microscopic examination revealed Trypanosoma spp. infections in seven SEBs and ten YVBs, and up to nine putative morphotypes of Trypanosoma spp. were identified. Nested-PCR revealed a higher prevalence (11.39% in SEBs and 75.00% in YVBs) compared to microscopic examination (8.86% in SEBs and 62.50% in YVBs). Sequence analysis of all 21 nested-PCR positive samples further revealed multiple trypanosome strain/species infections. Collectively, these findings provide baseline data to support veterinary diagnostic laboratories and inform future epidemiologic and molecular investigations of avian trypanosomes in Thailand.
Résumé
Les oiseaux constituent la deuxième classe de vertébrés la plus diversifiée, avec plus de 10 000 espèces actuelles à travers le monde, incluant des formes sauvages et domestiques, ainsi que des espèces migratrices et sédentaires. Les bulbuls (famille des Pycnonotidae) jouent un rôle important dans la dispersion des graines, et leur élevage en cage est une tradition ancestrale en Thaïlande. Le suivi sanitaire de ces oiseaux est donc essentiel pour pérenniser cet élevage, soutenir les moyens de subsistance locaux et contribuer à la conservation de la biodiversité. Cette étude visait à examiner la prévalence, ainsi que les caractéristiques morphologiques et moléculaires des trypanosomes chez le bulbul aux ailes olive (Pycnonotus plumosus, BAO), le bulbul de Conrad (Pycnonotus conradi, BC) et le bulbul goyavier (Pycnonotus goiavier, BG) capturés en Thaïlande. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur 121 bulbuls (26 BAO, 79 BC et 16 BG). Trois frottis sanguins colorés au Giemsa ont été préparés pour chaque échantillon, et l'ADN génomique a été extrait. De plus, une PCR nichée et un séquençage du gène de l'ARN ribosomique de la petite sous-unité (ARNr 18S) ont été réalisés. L'examen microscopique a révélé des infections à Trypanosoma spp. chez sept BC et dix BG, et jusqu'à neuf morphotypes putatifs de Trypanosoma spp. ont été identifiés. La PCR nichée a révélé une prévalence plus élevée (11,39 % chez BC et 75,00 % chez BG) que l'examen microscopique (8,86 % chez BC et 62,50 % chez BG). Le séquençage des 21 échantillons positifs à la PCR nichée a par ailleurs révélé des infections par plusieurs souches/espèces de trypanosomes. Collectivement, ces résultats fournissent des données de référence pour soutenir les laboratoires de diagnostic vétérinaire et éclairer les futures enquêtes épidémiologiques et moléculaires sur les trypanosomes aviaires en Thaïlande.
Key words: Avian trypanosomes / Bulbuls / Protozoan parasite / Pycnonotus / SSU rRNA
Edited by Jean-Lou Justine
© P. Pornpanom et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2026
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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