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All issues Volume 18 / No 1 (February 2011) Parasite, 18 1 (2011) 35-38 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 18, Number 1, February 2011
Page(s) 35 - 38
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2011181035
Published online 15 February 2011

© PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2011, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

The trematode genus Notocotylus is cosmopolitan, with more than forty species parasitizing aquatic birds, and a few species also described from mammals. Of the latter group, N. neyrai Castro, 1945 was reported from Arvicola sapidus Miller, 1908 in Europe (Feliu et al., 1986), N. fosteri Kinsella & Tkach, 2005 from the rice rat Oryzomys palustris (Harlan, 1937) in Florida, and N. urbanensis (Cort, 1914) from Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) in Nebraska. In Australia, N. johnstoni Cribb, 1991 and N. imbricatus (Looss, 1893) were reported from the Australian water rat Hydromys chyrsogaster Geoffroy, 1804 (Cribb, 1991). In China, Notocotylus ratti (Yie et al., 1956) was described from Rattus rattus alexandrinus (Geoffroy, 1830). All species of this genus are associated with wetland habitats as emphasized by Kinsella & Tkach (2005), where the life cycle involves aquatic gastropods as intermediate hosts (Thi Le, 1986).

Thi Le (1986) reported larval stages of Notocotylus intestinalis (Tubangui, 1932) from two species of fresh water gastropods (Alocinma longicornis and Parafossarulus striatulus) in Vietnam but with no record of the final host. Nguyen Thi Le (1991) found N. intestinalis (Tubangui, 1932) in the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus. Adam et al. (1993) studied Notocotylus sp. lophocercous cercariae from the mollusc Bithynia siamensis goniomphalus (Prosobranchia: Bithyniidae) in Thailand. Finally, Eduardo & Gaddi (2003) reported new records of Notocotylus spp. from wild birds in the Philippines: N. intestinalis from the greater painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis, Notocotylus pacifer (Noble, 1933) from the common moorhen Gallinula chloropus lozanoi and N. naviformis (Tubangui, 1932) from the whistling-duck Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata. Knowledge on adult Notocotylus from mammals in Southeast Asia is limited to Pham et al. (2001), who reported an unspecified member of the genus from two rodent species: the rice field rat Rattus argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss, 1916) and the lesser rice field rat Rattus losea (Swinhoe, 1871) captured in Bac Ninh Province (Vietnam). To our knowledge, there are no reports of Notocotylus identified to species from mammals in Southeast Asia.

The lesser rice field rat (R. losea) is widely distributed from Taiwan, Hainan, and Fukien in China to Vietnam, Laos PDR and Thailand (Marshall, 1988). This rodent is mainly found in rice fields and other cultivated land, where it burrows into the ground, but it has also been found in grassy areas in natural pine forests at 850 m in Thailand and in coastal mangrove forest (Marshall, 1988 cited by Corbet & Hill, 1992). In the course of the CERoPath project, rodents were captured in Loei Province, in the northeast of Thailand on February 2008. A species of Notocotylus that did not match any described species was recovered from R. losea.

Materials and Methods

Rodents were trapped in Loei province (Latitude: 17°, 490219; Longitude: 101°, 688536), Thailand, in 2008. Rats were collected near fresh water habitats in lowland paddy fields and soybean fields. These habitats were closely located by the branch of irrigation system and approximately one kilometer far from main river. Rodents were dissected after capture and their guts isolated and preserved in alcohol for future dissection at the laboratory.

Intestinal tracts of 88 R. losea were examined for helminths. Trematodes were isolated and preserved in alcohol, and later were post-fixed in Bouin’s solution, stained in Semichon’s acetocarmine and mounted in Canada balsam. Some unstained specimens were also mounted in Canada balsam, and several specimens were dissected to study the eggs. Measurements are in micrometres and are listed as the holotype, followed by the range of the paratypes and the mean of five paratypes in parentheses. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida.

Description: Notocotylus Loeiensis n. sp. (Figs 1-4)

thumbnail Figs 1-4.

Notocotylus loeiensis n. sp. 1. in ventral view (scale bar: 0.5 mm); 2. Distribution of ventral papillae (scale bar: 0.5 mm); 3. Eggs (scale bar: 10 μm); 4. Detail on genitalia (scale bar: 0.1 mm).

Type host: lesser rice field rat, Rattus losea (Swinhoe, 1871) (Rodentia: Muridae).

Site: cecum.

Type locality: Muang District, Loei Province, Thailand. (Latitude: 17°, 490219; Longitude: 101°, 688536).

Type specimens: type specimens were deposited in the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona (Barcelona Natural Science Museum, Catalonia, Spain), codes of holotype MZB 2009-3134,and five paratypes MZB 2009-3135 to 2009-3139. Additional individuals are deposited in the “Southeast Asia small mammals helminth collection” in the Laboratory of Parasitology of the University of Barcelona (Spain).

Collection dates: February 2008.

Prevalence and intensity of infection: prevalence of 9.1% (8 of 88). Intensity 2-20 (mean 82.5).

Etymology: this species is named for the Loei Province, where this trematode was collected.

Description

Notocotylinae Kossack, 1911. Based on holotype and five paratypes mounted in toto with characters of genus. Body 2,112 (1,678-2,461) long and 770 (834-659) maximum width at about level of ovary. Tegument unspined. Total number of ventral papillae 27-31; lateral and medial rows all contain 9- 11 papillae (usually 9-10). Second papilla of middle row at same level as first papilla of lateral rows (see Fig. 2). Cercarial eye-spot pigment scattered in forebody. Oral sucker 124.28 (130.56-110.8) long, 160.43 (166.4-151.04) wide. Oesophagus 234 (267-154) long, bifurcating into two caeca, which curve between ovary and testes, and terminate blindly 103.0 (43.52- 151.04) or 4.90% (1.78-7.27%) of body length from posterior end of body, anterior or posterior to end of testes. Testes opposite, deeply lobed, longer than broad 415 (298-494) long, 219 (164-267) wide. Cirrus sac median, straight, 722 (607-803) long, broad posteriorly and sharply narrowed anteriorly, containing saccular internal seminal vesicle and pars prostatica. Cirrus not everted in available specimens. Common genital pore ventro-medial, considerably in front of intestinal bifurcation reaching posterior margin or overlaying oral sucker ventral to beginning of oesophagus. Ovary median, between testes, never entire, bilobed posteriorly, 188 (144-236) long, 107 (82-144) wide. Vitelline reservoir immediately anterior to ovary. Vitellarium formed of two lateral groups of 11-16 bilobed to multilobed follicles extending from 23.12- 27.13 (24.76) % of body length from posterior end to 44.85-66.22 (50.60) % of body length from anterior end. Uterus extending anteriorly from ovary in 12-15 major, laterally directed coils, with 2-4 coils anterior to vitelline follicles; some uterine coils slightly exceeding caeca but are contained by vitelline follicles. Metraterm muscular, sinistral at level of cirrus pouch (see Fig. 4). Eggs operculate bearing single long, filament at each pole; egg capsule length 16-19 (18) and 10-11 (10) wide (n = 20), each filament of variable size 29-76 (44) long. Excretory pore opening dorsally at about level of posterior end of testes; excretory vesicle saccular.

Discussion

Kinsella & Tkach (2005) considered 49 species of the genus Notocotylus to be valid. To this number should be added N. biomphalariae (Flores & Brughi, 2005). The species N. gippyensis and N. tadornae should be removed from this list, as these two have only one row of ventral papillae and thus must be transferred to the genus Uniserialis according to Barton & Blair (2005). The number is then reduced to 48 valid species.

Of these 48 species, only N. aegyptiacus (Odhner, 1905), N. fosteri, N. johnstoni, N. mamii (Hsu, 1954), N. naviformis Tubangui, 1932, N. skrjabini Ablasov, 1953 [synonym: N. breviserialis (Stunkard, 1967)], and N. vinodae have a prebifurcal genital pore. Of these species, only N. fosteri has a genital pore as far anterior as N. loeiensis (ventral to the posterior margin of the oral sucker). However, N. fosteri has a higher number of ventral papillae (10-13) versus (9-11) in N. loiensis n. sp. The number of previtelline uterine loops is greater (5-7) in N. fosteri than in N. loeiensis n. sp. (2-4), the ovary in N. loeiensis n. sp. is strongly lobulated (Fig. 1) while the ovary in N. fosteri is usually entire, or occasionally bilobed posteriorly.

With respect to ventral glands, N. breviserialis and N. skrjabini have only 4-5, N. vinodae has 15-16 and N. aegyptiacus has 12-14 (Kinsella & Tkach, 2005). In N. johnstoni, the number of papillae in the median row (9-11) usually is one or two less than the number in the lateral rows (10-13).

Of species reported from birds in Southeast Asia, the new species differs from N. intestinalis and N. pacifier which both have a postbifurcal genital pore, and from N. naviformis by the number of ventral glands (13 in medial row in N. naviformis) and by the distance between the medial gland and the lateral (2.5 gland length in N. naviformis and less than one gland length in N. loeiensis n. sp.) (see Fig. 2).

Of species reported from southern China, N. loeiensis sp. n. differs from N. mammi from Canton, which was obtained from experimental infections of laboratory rabbits by metacercariae. The glands of the middle row are not at the same level as the laterals as observed in N. loeiensis n. sp. The ovary of N. mammi has 2-8 lobes (usually 4-6) versus being bilobulated in N. loeiensis n. sp. The only species found naturally in Chinese mammals is N. ratti, which differs from N. loeiensis n. sp. in having only 5 to 6 ventral glands in the medial row, and has a postbifurcal genital pore (Yie et al., 1956). Three other species have been reported in birds from Jiangxi Province by Qiongzhang (1992): N. polylecithus differs in having twice as many ventral glands in each row (27-28 in the lateral rows and 24-25 in the middle row); N. urbanensis has a postbifurcal genital pore, 13-14 glands in the lateral rows, and 12-13 glands in the middle row; and N. thienemanni has two glands of the middle row anterior to the lateral rows instead of one as in N. loeiensis n. sp, and 10 glands in the lateral rows and 14 in the middle row.

The great variability in size of polar filaments from eggs (Fig. 3), also noted by González-Castro (1945), suggests that this character should not be used in species diagnoses.

In conclusion, N. loeiensis n. sp. is the first species of Notocotylus described from Southeast Asian mammals.

Acknowledgments

This study is supported by the French ANR Biodiversity ANR 07 BDIV 012, project CERoPath, “Community Ecology of Rodents and their Pathogens in a changing environment”. Financial support was given by ANR CERoPath; Community Ecology of Rodents and their Pathogens in SouthEast Asia. A. Ribas was supported by grant 2008BP A 00045 (Generalitat de Catalunya). The suggestions of two anonymous referees increased the quality of the manuscript.

References

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All Figures

thumbnail Figs 1-4.

Notocotylus loeiensis n. sp. 1. in ventral view (scale bar: 0.5 mm); 2. Distribution of ventral papillae (scale bar: 0.5 mm); 3. Eggs (scale bar: 10 μm); 4. Detail on genitalia (scale bar: 0.1 mm).
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